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Lake Tanganyika cichlids — species, locations & maps

Lake Tanganyika cichlids — species, locations & maps
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Neolamprologus furcifer 'Kasanga'.jpg Neolamprologus furcifer 'Katete'.jpg Neolamprologus furcifer 'Kekese'.jpg Neolamprologus furcifer 'Kigoma'.jpg Neolamprologus furcifer 'Kipili'.jpg
Previous pageNext pageNeolamprologus furcifer 'Kekese'
Tribe / Genus: Lamprologini / Neolamprologus
Type locality: Kinyamkolo and Mbity Rocks, Lake Tanganyika.
Biotope: Sheltered rocky habitats, especially dark zones beneath overhangs and along vertical rock faces. Individuals typically move head-down or upside down, keeping the belly close to the rock surface. The species is common in shallow rocky areas.
Geographic distribution: Rocky shores throughout Lake Tanganyika. Despite its lake-wide distribution, only minor geographic variation is observed.
Typical adult size: Commonly around 17 cm total length; females usually remain slightly smaller at about 15 cm. In aquarium conditions, individuals have been reported to reach up to 25 cm total length.
Sexual dimorphism: Males are slightly larger than females; otherwise no clear external differences are apparent.
Recommended aquarium size: At least 400 L, with 600 L or more recommended.
Aquarium setup: The aquarium should be arranged to form vertical rock faces, overhangs and deep caves, allowing the fish to display its characteristic head-down swimming behavior. This can be achieved with large stones or structured 3D modules. Despite its unusual posture, the species readily comes to the surface for food.
Each individual strongly defends its own territory, therefore a large aquarium is essential. In sufficiently spacious tanks, several individuals may be kept together, preferably in a harem structure with one male and multiple females. Suitable tankmates are species occupying other zones of the aquarium, such as robust sand-dwellers.
Diet: Carnivorous predator. Feeds mainly on small crustaceans extracted from holes and crevices in rocks, and occasionally on the eggs of Lamprichthys tanganicanus. The digestive tract is about 50% of total body length, and the sharp dentition reflects a predatory feeding strategy.
Breeding: A haremic species in nature, with a single male controlling a territory containing up to ten or more females. Both sexes maintain individual feeding territories; spawning occurs on the female’s territory, typically beneath a rock overhang at depths of about 2–9 m.
Clutch size usually ranges from 50 to 100 greenish eggs. After fertilization, the male leaves immediately, while the female alone guards eggs and fry. Mortality is high, and typically only a small number of fry reach the free-swimming stage.
Aggression: Aggression is mainly expressed during territorial defense. Outside of this context the species is relatively peaceful and generally does not cause physical damage when expelling intruders.
Special notes: Distinguished by a triangular head, extremely large eyes, and a unique head-down or inverted swimming posture. This behavior relies on very precise swim-bladder control, which is highly sensitive to sudden pressure changes.
Wild-caught specimens frequently exhibit swim-bladder dysfunction after import or relocation, often resting motionless on the bottom for extended periods before recovery. Similar problems may reappear after handling or transfer between aquaria.
Comparison with Neolamprologus timidus: Although often confused with N. timidus, the two species differ in several consistent morphological traits. Caudal-fin shape is highly variable in N. furcifer and overlaps with that of N. timidus, and is therefore not a reliable diagnostic character. More reliable differences include cheek squamation (cheek scaled in N. timidus vs. naked in N. furcifer), pelvic-fin structure (first soft ray longer than the second in N. timidus, whereas the second soft ray is longer than the first in N. furcifer), and proportionally longer head and pectoral fins in N. timidus.
Melanin pattern also differs: adult N. timidus lacks a dark spot at the caudal-fin base and may show thin, distinct horizontal stripes on the trunk, while N. furcifer typically shows thicker and less distinct markings.
Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA place N. furcifer and N. timidus in separate clades within Lamprologini, each associated with different related species, supporting their clear separation as distinct species.

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Photo: © Benoit Jonas
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Lake Tanganyika cichlids — species, locations & maps.
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